Parts of speech

Adjective and its kinds      اسمِ صفت کی اقسام                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Written by: M. Fakhar Zubair 

                                                                                                                 Mobile No. 0344-4078317 

Definition: Words that modify nouns and pronouns.  Words that add meaning to a noun or pronoun.

An adjective is a word or set of words that modifies a noun or pronoun. Adjectives may come before the word they modify.

 

For Example: Blue sky, attractive sight, long journey, popular politician, interesting story, bad idea, false excuse etc.

Huzaifa the most intelligent, Arslam the hardest working. Tanzilla and Iarish the most respectful.

There are different kinds of adjectives                                                                      

Adjectives of quality      صفتِ ذاتی                                    Adjective of quantity    صفتِ مقداری         

Numerical adjectives    صفتِ عددی و ترتیبی                          Possessive adjectives     صفتِ ملکیتی  

Demonstrative adjectives  صفتِ اشاری                          Distributive adjectives      صفتِ تقسیمی                     

Interrogative adjectives   صفتِ استفہام                            Proper adjectives            صفتِ نسبتی

Eponymous adjectives (an adjective made from the real name of a person)

As: Zubair            jari.  Fakhar          Fakhari.  Huzaifa           lucky,     Arslam               happy

 

We can call adjectives with different grammatical terms on the basis of their placement in a sentence.

Imran is intelligent boy. (Attributive) An attributive adjective appears before the noun it modifies.

Imran is intelligent.        (Predicative) Predicative adjectives are those which follow a linking verb and not placed before a noun.

He is a man so intelligent. (Postpositive) Postpositive is an attributive adjective that is placed after the noun or pronoun that it modifies.

Iarish is able student.         (Prepositive adjectives) come before the noun or pronoun.

The good, the bad, and the ugly. (Substantive) acts as noun made from an adjective of quality.

Substantive Adjective is made by adding definite article “the” before an adjective of quality to use it as noun

when to represent the whole class.

He made me so sad. It was sight so beautiful. Zubair is a man totally unwise.

Important note:

One common situation in which adjectives appear postpositively in English is when they qualify Compound Indefinite Pronouns: somebody, someone, something, somewhere, sometimes, anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere, anytime, nobody, no one, nothing, and nowhere, no time etc.

Examples: We need someone able.             He is going anywhere nice.

Nothing important happened.                        Here is nobody sincere.

There is something wrong.                       Here is everybody so rude.

Children go sometimes uncontrollable. There is nothing different.

Find somewhere silent, cool and comfortable.

Adjectives of quality Add quality, state or condition to a noun. Descriptive adjectives can be classified into different categories such as colour, size, sound, taste, touch, shape, time, and age, character traits		Numerical adjectives Tell us the number (how many) of nouns. Numeral adjectives are of two types (1) Indefinite numeral adjectives. (2) Definite numeral adjectives.  adj of quantity+countable nounsS/P verb	Adjectives of quantity Tell us amount (how much) of a noun. Adjectives of quantity are used with a singular Uncountable noun and take a singular verb. Abstract and material nouns are uncountable. adj of quantity + uncountable nouns+ S Verb		Possessive  Adjectives Show possession. my, our, your, his, her, its, their are possessive adjectives. Possessive pronouns are mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs.
Colours: black.white,blue,red		Indefinite Numeral Adjectives.	Some water/ meat/sugar/flour/money/gold/jam		Teaching is my passion.
Size: big,small,large,thin,tall,tiny		Some people,friends,	Any  dust/ dirt/furniture/rice		Correct your mistake.
Sound:loud,silent,muted,talkative,piercing		Any person/question,problems	All the/the whole milk		Principal visited our class.
Taste:sweet,sour,delicious,bitter,pungent		Most shops/desks	Much comfort/care/wisdom/  petrol/advice		I blew his tears.
Touch:soft,rough,hot,cold,smooth,dry,wet,hard		Certain questions/moment	Little milk, coffee/tea/He drank some water.		He apologized my excuses.
Shape: squar,rectangular,round,triangle		Many workers were protesting.	Enough water/ knowledge, rain		Its wings are fluttering.
Time:yearly,monthly,weekly, fortnightly		All the /the whole mangoes	I drank sufficient water. I ate much breakfast.		They ended up their enmity.
Feelings:sad,happy,comfortable		Many children/stars/language/stones	Much homework is given by the teacher.		Check my homework.
Age:old,younger,little,elder,big,		A few policemen/days	Please, pour some coffee.  Is there any water?		We failed in our mission.
Character traits: rude,great,noble,wise,		Several ways were tried. Several decades	He explained to me all the situation.(/the whole)		Take your part.
Cruel,polite,faithful,selfish,shy,sincere,		Any thing/ I have some friends.	He served the nation/whole her life.( all her life)		Don’t doubt his honesty.
Honest,busy,fair,hopeful,humble,responsible		Every child needs love.	All milk has fallen. All cake/food has gone sour.		Her heart is beating fast.
Cold water	Sour grapes	Each hand has fives fingers.	The whole situation is worst. His whole life		Its beak is bleeding.
Faithful dog	Pet animal	Every mother loves her baby.	He has little interest in study. All his life		I joined their group
Hot milk	Old coin	I could attempt only a few questions.	He has a little information.		Zubair is my teacher.
Intelligent boy	Bad idea	Definite Numeral Adjectives are of two kinds (1)Cardinal Numbers one, two, three,four,five… (2) Ordinal Numbers first, second,third,fourth…	Little( hardly any) a little  (a very small/little quantity of) Some(used only in positive sentences) Any(used only in negatives or interrogatives) Much (used only for large quantity)		His efforts bore fruit.
Attractive sight	Long journey				You destroyed my life.
Deep knowledge	Fast train				He cheated his parents.
Cruel Indian army	Heavy bag				She raised her child alone.
Dangerous effects	False excuse	One day, I found three silver coins.	( No plural form, article before)Uncountable Nouns		The servant kneads my head.
Boring period	Great teacher	Pakistan fired six missile attacks.	Abstract Nouns	Material Nouns	He attempted his paper first.
Sweet mangoes	Round table	The spider has eight legs.	Love,hatred,anger,advice	Material nouns from Nature	I helped my father.
Difficult question	Brave soldier	He won the first position.	Courage,kindness,wisdom	Air, Gold, Silver, Iron, Copper	We have soled our house.
Interesting story	Smart guy	Please, Change hundred rupee note.	Ability,decision,fear,peace	Salt Coal, Water, sand, Rock	He betrayed his country.
Hardworking pupil	Golden ring	Madina is about Fifty miles.	Happiness.,freedom,doubt	Material noun From Animals	You injured my feelings.
Round table	White paper	One thousand years ago	Success,pride,truth,	Honey, Meat, Milk, Silk,	Let not waste your time around.
Rude behavior	Weekly basis	I took her few snaps.	Memory,sleep,talent,	Wool, Leather	Mind your own business.
Cold water	Red rose	Second time	Feeling,loyalty,confort,	Material noun From Plants	Mend your ways.
Smooth surface	Tight pant	Thirty fasts       / First impressions is the last impression.	Sadness,honesty,	Food ,Wood, Jute, Oil,	Her beautiful smile pleases me.
Informative lecture	Cheap fruit	Third chapter / I began to like her at a first sight.	Maturity,trouble,jelousy	Coffee, Tea, Medicine	Your life is my life.
Elder brother	Dear vegetables	The fifth ship / To kill two birds with one stone.	Confusion,manners	Cotton, Rubber, Perfume	My daughter is my flesh and blood.

 

Demonstrative Adjectives Points out a noun or pronoun. This these, that those such same This(واحد /نزدیک کیلیئے)  these(جمع /نزدیک کیلیئے) That(واحد/ دور کیلیئے)     those (جمع/دور کیلیئے)		Distributive Adjectives Express the distributive state of a noun. There are four distributive adjectives each/every ,either ,neither Note: These are used with singular noun and take a singular verb.	Interrogative Adjectives   Interrogative Adjectives ask questions. What, which, whose are called interrogative adjectives. Which bag is Zubair’s? What song is Zubair listening to?   “Which” is interrogative adjective as it modifies noun “bag”.	Proper Adjectives Are made from proper nouns. English grammar American visa Persian scarf Chinese toys
I failed to answer this question		Each class is airy and well-lighted.	What time is it?	Pakistan………………….Pakistani
This book is mine.		Every student is obedient.	What date is today? Which program are you watching?	India ……………………….Indian
These questions are not of your caliber.		I rise with new thinking each day.	What type of land Arabia is?	America………………….American
These plans will not work.		Each student will have his turn?	What manner of person is he?	Africa………………..……..African
That dog bit me. This fault is yours.		Neither excuse is acceptable.	Whose book is this? Which program are you watching?	Iran………………………….Iranian
I will never forgive that person.		Either student can participate.	Whose fault was that?	Italy………………..……….Italian
This one is mine and that one is yours.		Neither student is sincere.	In whose love are you mad?	China………………..……Chinese
I was in England those days.		I’ll trust neither person.	Which colour do you like?	Afghanistan…………..Afghan
Avail this opportunity.		He informed neither one.	Which way will you go?	Arabia…………………...Arabs
This butcher gives a short measure.		Have you any question?	Which method will you adopt?	Asia………………..…..…Asian
Where are you this time?		Have you any problem?	What problem are you worried of?	Austria………………….Australian
There are many dogs in this street.		Have you any relative?	At What place did it happen?	Brazil………………….…Brazilian
I was at home at that moment.		There is any shop here?	What part of the country is affected by cold?	Britain…………………..British
That boy looks lost.These rooms are ours.		Neither person is ready.	Which part of the Masjid	France…………………..French
Take this tea to your teacher.		Neither route leads to Sangla.	Which religion/ house	England………………..English
This child can not live without his mother.		Either one can enter.	In Which class do you read?	Egypt…………………....Egyptian
We live in the same room.		I’ll punish each one.	In which season does it snowfall?	Europe……………….…European
This fan is out of order.		Neither ring is genuine.	Which button is loose?	Russia…………………..Russian
There is no discipline In this school.		Either seat is not worth sitting.	In whose memory are you shedding tears?	Ireland……………….…Irish
Who was to that place?		Neither student is fail.	What punishment has been inflicted on culprit?	Iraq……………………...Iraqi
I will help you In this matter.		Neither student is absent.	Whose brother stood first?	Japan……………….….Japanese
In that picture	اس تصویر میں	Neither question is easy.	What person is your teacher?	Korea…………….…….Korean
Same voice	ایسی ہی آواز	I tried every possible attempt.	Which subject do you like?	Malaya……………….Malayan
In This street	اس گلی میں	Neither plan will work.	Whose son is this?from which direction was he coming?	Mexico……………..…Mexican
In that street	اس گلی میں	I tried every possible means.	What colour is the car?	Netherland………….Dutch
In these streets	ان گلیوں میں	Every man must do his duty.	For what person are you worried?	Scotland……….…..Scot/Scottish
In those streets	ان گلیوں میں	Neither answer is correct.	For what purpose/business have you come?	Spain………………….Spanish
Same scene	ایسا ہی منظر	Every officer must do his duty.	What profession will you choose?	Canada………………. Canadian
In such way	اس طرح	Every sore has its solve.	Which team scored the highest points?	United King…………..British

Nouns and its kind        Written by: M. Fakhar Zubair

                                                                                                            Mobile No. 0344-4078317

Definition: Noun is a name of person place, thing, idea, state or activity is called noun.

Examples: Amir, John, book, table, furniture, honesty, Pakistan, blackboard, English etc.

Usage: Noun is used as subject, direct object, indirect object, complement, appositive, object of preposition

1. Amir made tea.                          (Amir is a subject and tea is object.)
2. Baby is drinking milk.               (Baby is a subject and milk is the object).
3. My mother gave me a flower.  (mother is subject and me is direct object and a flower is indirect object)
4. Zubair is a doctor.                     (Zubair is subject and a doctor is the subject complement)
5. She complained against Ahmad. (against Ahmad is used as object of preposition)
6. Iman, a monitor, is absent.          (monitor, is appositive noun because it adds extra information to Iman.)
    

There are several types of a noun

1. Common noun                               10.    Appositive
2. Proper noun                                   11.    Verbal Nouns(gerund and infinitive)
3. Abstract noun
4. Concrete noun
5. Material noun
6. Collective noun
7. Countable noun
8. Uncountable noun
9. Compound noun

The table below gives a summary view of types of a noun, its definitions and the words of nouns.

This is designed so for elementary learners of grammar that must be used for reference to learn English grammar of advanced level

Common Noun:	Proper Noun:
Definition: The name of non-particular person, place or thing is called common noun. A noun that is not the real name of person, place or thing. For Example: boy book county city days month river school flower	Definition: The name of particular person, place or thing is called common noun. A noun that is the real name of person, place or thing. For Example: Zubair, Asif The Holy Quran, English grammar Pakistan, America, Afghanistan Lahore, Sangla Hill, Faisalabad Sunday, Monday, Tuesday January, February, March, April, May The Ravi, the Indus Darussalam High School Rose, Jasmine

 

                                                   Abstract Noun and Concrete Noun

Abstract Noun:

Concrete Noun:

Definition: A noun that you cannot see or smell, taste or touch is called abstract noun. The name of non-physical object is called abstract noun. For example love, anger, hatred, advice, kindness, ability, fear, peace, happiness, success, pride, truth, memory, feeling, loyalty, honesty, talent, trouble, manners, confusion, sadness, deceit, justice, freedom, joy, knowledge, thought, information, culture, pain education, friendship, intelligence, chaos, childhood, anxiety, amazement, Confidence, laughter, energy, progress, fun, help

Definition: A noun that you cannot see or smell, taste or touch is called abstract noun. The name of non-physical object is called abstract noun. For example: door, book, shoe, soil, fan, wall, brick

 

Rule:

1. No article before abstract noun.
2. No plural form of an abstract noun.
3. Abstract noun is always singular noun and takes a singular verb.
    
4.                                           Material Noun and Collective Noun:

Material Noun:

Collective Noun:

Definition: The name of substance from which something is made. For example: Material nouns from Nature air, gold, silver, iron, copper salt, coal, water, sand, rock Material noun from Animals wool, leather, honey, meat, milk, silk, soap Material noun from Plants food , wood, jute, oil, coffee, tea, medicine cotton, rubber, perfume Material nouns from human beings glass, paper, blood

Definition: The name used for a group of persons or things. For example: Army    a whole group of soldiers Class     a group of students Crew     a group of workers Police   a group  of policemen Gang     a group of robbers/thieves, killers Team     a group of players Crowd   a group of people Family  a group of the members of the house Fleet      a group of ships Bunch   a collection of flowers/keys/grapes/bananas

 

                                             Countable noun and Uncountable noun:

Countable noun:

Uncountable noun:

Definition: Nouns that can be counted. For example: Material nouns: gold, silver, cotton, glass, jewelry, perfume, soap, paper, wood, petrol, baggage, hair , blood, energy, air, water, milk Abstract nouns: knowledge, patience, happiness, progress confidence courage intelligence peace pride Food: food, flour, meat, rice, cake, bread, ice cream, cheese, butter, oil, honey, soup fish, fruit, salt, tea, coffee Weather:  snow, rain, ice, heat, hail wind light darkness Languages English Hindi Arabic Japanese Spanish Subjects/Fields mathematics, economics, physics grammar, chemistry, history, vocabulary, poetry Sports tennis,baseball,basketball,football,cricket,hockey, Activities swimming, walking, driving, reading writing

Definition: Nouns that cannot be counted.   For example: eggs, flowers, tree, vegetable, doors, houses, boys, glasses, countries, cities, bench, pictures, mangoes, table

 

Rule no.3

1. No article before uncountable nouns.
2. Both Abstract nouns and material nouns are uncountable nouns.
3. Use always specific quantifier before uncountable noun to measure it.
    

Compound Nouns:

Definition: Joining of two or more words that make a new noun is called compound noun.

For Example: blackboard, sunflower, toothpaste, homework, drawing-room, tablecloth, fisherman, maidservant, headache, commander-in-chief, brother-in-law, hard work, washer man

Rule no.4

As it is rule that uncountable nouns cannot be counted.

But it is also a rule that uncountable nouns can be counted if we use some specific measuring units for some specific uncountable things.

For example: water is uncountable but we can also make it countable by using its measuring unit that is a glass of.

(As a glass of has made water a countable noun. Now we have the choice to make it singular or plural.

 

 For example: one glass of water, two glasses of water, and fifteen glasses of water)

 

 I drank two glasses of water.

Two glass of water have fallen.

One glass of water has fallen.

 

A kilo sugar costs 100 hundred rupees.

Three kilo sugar cost 300 hundred rupees.

 

In the following, the words underlined are uncountable nouns

a glass of water                                                        

a plate of rice

a bottle of oil

a tin of milk

a handful of sand

a lot of dust

a little salt

a kilo of sugar

a tin of paint

a drop of blood

The following quantifiers will work with count nouns:         The underlined words are countable nouns.

The following quantifiers will work with non-count nouns the underlined words are uncountable nouns

Example:   many trees     a few trees several trees a couple of trees others of the trees none of the trees (quite) a few trees

Examples:   not much knowledge                                            a little knowledge                                          little knowledge                                                                 a bit of knowledge                                       a good deal of knowledge                               a great deal of  knowledge                            no knowledge sufficient amount of knowledge small mount of knowledge

 

                   

 

The following quantifiers will work with both count and non-count nouns Determiners+ nouns                                                  determiners of +nouns
All the trees/dancing the whole trees/knowledge      some trees/knowledge any tree/knowledge most trees/knowledge   more trees/knowledge       enough trees/knowledge    (quite) a lot of trees/knowledge       lots of trees/knowledge       plenty of trees/knowledge       a lack of trees/knowledge Plenty of trees /knowledge	all of the trees/dancing the whole of the trees/knowledge     some of the trees/knowledge  any of tree /knowledge most of the trees/knowledge   more of the trees/knowledge       enough of the trees/knowledge

      Note:In formal academic writing, it is usually better to use many and much rather than phrases such as a lot of, lots of and plenty of.

 

Verbal nouns or participial nouns are the names of some actions, or states of being; and are formed from a verb, like a participle, but employed as a noun: as,

"The triumphing of the wicked is short."—Job

Adverb and its kinds

Definition: An adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.            Adverbs answer how, when, where, why, or to what extent—how often or how much.

 

Words that express the time, place, manner, frequency, degree, negation, and    affirmation, causes, result and  condition of an  action.                       

ایسے الفاظ جو  verbs ، adjectives،adverbs کے معنی میں اضافہ کریں۔

Example: 

  She ran quickly.                                                              کے معنی میں اضافہ کر رہا ہے۔ran “quickly” adverb اس مثال میں

  She is very beautiful.                         ہے Adjective جو کہ    کے معنی میں اضافہ کر رہا ہے۔beautiful “very” adverb    اس مثال میں

  She knits sweater very skillfully.                      کے معنی میں اضافہ کر رہا ہے۔ ”skillfully” adverb “very” adverb اس مثال میں

 

Adverbs can be classified into several types.

 

1. Adverbs of time                               متعلق فعل زمانی
2. Adverbs of place              متعلق فعل مکانی                        
3. Adverbs of Manner متعلق فعل طریقی        
4. Adverbs of degree     متعلق فعل درجی                  
5. Adverbs of frequency    متعلق فعل تعدی           
6. Adverbs of negation    متعلق  فعل                  
7. Adverbs affirmation
8. Adverbs of cause and affect
9. Interrogative adverbs     متعلق فعل سوالیہ        
10. Relative adverbs
11. Adverbs of purpose
12. Adverbs of condition
13. Adverbs of comparison
14. Adverb of  supposition or
15. Concession or contrast

 

Adverbs of time: These adverbs answer the question’ when’.

For example: yesterday, ago, last, recently, lately, soon, tomorrow, next, shortly, presently, now, at the moment, at present, currently, today,  tonight, then

He was absent yesterday. His father died two year ago. My name was announced last. I took exams recently. Then, he said. He called me again.   I am working at the moment. He is saying prayer at present. The people are protesting currently. He is sleeping now.

I shall be on leave tomorrow. See you tomorrow. You will not take to me next. I shall soon return.   I had never seen such a horrible scene before. We had already solved the sums. The train had not yet arrived.   I rise early in the morning. We shall meet tonight. I am worried today. Talk to you later. /See you later.

No, not yet. They haven’t met each other yet. Haven’t you finished your paper yet?

 

 

Adverbs of place: These adverbs answer the question “where”. ایسے الفاظ جو کسی جگہ کو ظاہر کریں                   definition: Words that tell us the place of action

In, out, here, there, near, far, off, away, between, back, front, up, down, downward, upward ,somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, homeward, seaward etc.

 

Example:

Come here. The crow flew here and there in search of water. Please, wait outside. May I come in?  Get out. She is up. She is down. Stand up. She looked upwards. The stench spread around. He is off. He is out in England. The secret is out. The result will out on Sunday. We went back home. The birds flew away.Suddenly, I looked downwards. Move backwards. She came forward. I was going homeward.

 

Adverbs of Manner:                 ایسے الفاظ جو یہ بتائیں کہ کوئی کام کس انداز سے واقع ہوا ہے۔            

Words that tell us that “in what manner” an action is done.

The adverbs answer the question how something happens.

Adverbs of manner

Beautifully, blindly, clearly, carefully, completely, bravely, fully, painfully, happily, doubtfully, easily, equally, fortunately, deeply, faithfully, cleverly, cruelly, hastily, helplessly, honestly, hungrily, immediately, innocently, inwardly, lazily, madly, neatly, openly, seriously, slowly, pleasantly, really, continuously, correctly, confidently,

Courageously, consequently, freely

For Example:

Walk carefully.

I was greatly surprised.

The train ran fast.

I got scared the time she whistled loudly.

Adverbs of manner are usually formed from adjectives by adding –ly:

bad        badly; quiet        quietly; recent       recently; sudden         suddenly

 

Adverbs of Frequency: (how often)             ایسے الفاظ جو یہ بتائیں کہ کوئی فعل کتنی دفعہ واقع ہوا ہے

Words that tell us how many times an action is done.

These adverbs answer the question “how often        

The most important of these are as follows:

Always, usually, normally, generally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, hardly ever, rarely, never, once, again, once a week, three time a day, a day after tomorrow, a day before yesterday.

 

			Examples of adverbs of frequency
Frequency	Adverbs Of Frequency	Urdu Meaning	Subject	Adverbs	Verbs	Predicate
100%	always	ہمیشہ	She	always	opposes	my opinion.
90%	usually	عموما	I	usually	take	bread and jam for breakfast.
80%	normally / generally		I	normally	go	to the gym.
70%	often* / frequently	اکثر	I	often	surf	the internet.
50%	sometimes	بعض اوقات	I	sometimes	get	tired of the dull routine.
30%	occasionally	کبھی کبھار	I	occasionally	go	to catch fish.
10%	seldom	شاذونادر	I	seldom	read	the newspaper.
5%	hardly ever / rarely	بمشکل /مشکل ہی سے	I	hardly ever	take	the day off tomorrow.
0%	never	کبھی بھی نہیں	I	never	swim	in the sea.

 

1. Adverbs of frequency are placed between the subject and the action verb.

                 She always tells a lie.

1. Adverbs of frequency are placed after the helping verb.

                She is often late.          

 

 

 

 

 

Adverbs of Degree (to what extent)                    ایسے الفاظ جو یہ بتائیں کہ کوئی کام کتنی شدت سے واقع ہوا ہے۔

Adverbs of degree are usually placed:

1.    before the adjective or adverb they are modifying:
e.g. The water was extremely cold.

2.    before the main verb:
e.g. He was just leaving. She has almost finished.

 

Adverb Of Degree	Modifying	Example
extremely	adjective	The water was extremely cold. You are extremely talkative.
quite	Adjective	The movie is quite interesting. This is quite important. I am quite sure. It’s quite warm today.
just	Verb	He was just leaving. With just a little extra effort, you can make up your deficiency in studies. He is just off.
almost	verb	She has almost finished. He has almost drowned. I almost died.
Too	Adjective	The coffee is too hot. It’s too bad. She is too shy. My pajamas are too tight.
Rather	Adjective	1.       The question was rather tough. You gave rather good suggestion.
extremely	Adverb	The train was running extremely fast.
Very	Adverb	He ran very quickly. Thank you very much.
Very	Adjective	You are very nice. They know each other very well. I am very glad to see you.
Quite	Verb	I do not quite know what he wants to do after education.
completely	Adjective	I’m completely tired.
hardly	Verb	He hardly noticed what his father was saying. I could hardly hear the speaker.
enough	Adverb	She arrives early enough. This is good enough. He is not old enough to get married.
Too	Adjective	I am not too short. She is too kind with me. I have too much bread. Mine too.
absolutely	Adjective	You are absolutely right.
enough	Adjective	The mangos were sweet enough. I tried hard enough. That’s good enough.  The tea is hot enough? (adjective)You worked well enough. (adverb)
so	Adjective	The story was so interesting. You are so nice. I am so sorry.
pretty	Adjective	I’m pretty well. He worked pretty hard. He is pretty tall.
really	Adjective	That’s really important. She showed really good performance.
So much	Verb	You should not have so much food. Thank you so much.
Too much	Verb	You had better not eat too much. It is too much.
far	adjective	I am far better now.
By far the		She showed by far the best scholastic performance.
Only(just/merely)	Adjective	The watch is only fifty rupees.
well	verb	This is well said. You did well. I am well aware of the fact.

Relative Adverbs ایسے الفاظ جو دو فقروں کو آپس میں ملائیں۔                                           

Definition: Relative adverbs where, when, why, how are used to join sentence or clause.

Where (جہاں) when (جب) why (کیوں) how (کیسے)                                         

1. The relative adverb when can be replaced by in which/on which.
2. Where can be replaced by in which/at which.
3. Why can be replaced by for which.

The Examples of Relative Adverbs
This is the school in which I studied.	This is the place where I studied.
This is the park at which I used to play.(used to---would)	This is the park where I used to play.
We were sleeping the time the father came.	We were sleeping when the father came.
The girls were dozing in which the teacher was teaching.	The girls were dozing when the teacher was teaching.
Tell me the reason for which you arrived late today.	Tell me (the reason) why you arrived late today.
All were worried the reason for which he committed suicide	All were worried why he committed suicide.
I asked them the reason for which they were protesting.	I asked them why they were protesting.
I don’t know the place at which he lives.	I don’t know the place where he lives.
I don’t know the reason for which she hates me.	I don’t know the reason why she hates me.
I still remember the day on which my child left the home.	I still remember the day when my child left the home.
That was Sunday on which we met.	That was Sunday when we met.

Interrogative Adverbs                           ایسے الفاظ جو سوال بنانے میں ہماری مدد کریں۔

Words that ask some questions.

 where, when, why, how are  interrogative adverbs.

For Example:

 

Why are you late to school today? Unfortunately our van broke down on the road.

Where are the keys?                   In the drawer.

How are you?                               I’m pretty well.

When the train does arrive?

When will the plane land?         At 7 PM.

Why are you crying?

Adverbs of Negation: (words that tell yes or no)                  ایسے الفاظ جو کسی فعل کا ناں میں جواب دیں

No, not, never, on no account are adverbs of negation.

Example:

1. I will not be able to attend the meeting.         
2. Have you finished your paper? No.
3. Never wish ill of anyone.
4. We should never cheat anyone.
5. I have no time.
6. I can no longer talk on this issue.

 

Adverbs of affirmation:           ایسے الفاظ جو کسی فعل کا ہاں جواب دیں                                                               Yes, surely, definitely, certainly, perhaps

Example:

1. Do you take exercise? Yes, I do.
2. Surely, I am Muslim.
3. We will certainly help you.
4. Will you participate? Yes, I will.
5. Is India our enemy?  Definitely, India is our sworn enemy.
6. Pakistan may perhaps win this match.

Perhaps, he may be on leave today

 

Adverbs of Cause       (Words that tell ‘why’)                                 ایسے الفاظ جو کسی واقع فعل کی وجہ بتائیں۔

Definition: The words that state the reason of action

Because, as, since are the adverbs of cause.

Example:

The crops destroyed because it did not rain.

He is absent as he is ill.

I thanked Maryam since she supported me.

 

Adverb of effect:                                                                  ایسے الفاظ جو کسی واقع فعل کی نتیجہ بتائیں۔    

Definition: words that tell the result of action

 

Example:

It did not rain, hence, the crops destroyed.

I am quite ill, therefore; I cannot attend school.

Izza was driving recklessly, accordingly; she collided with a Tonga.

Tanzilla was running fast so she fell and got injured.

Ansa toiled day and night and thus she secured first position.

Huzaifa abused Maryam,resultantly; Haseeb punished her hard.

Huzaifa shrieked, consequently; all got scared.

John stole, hence; the police arrested him.

                                  






                                         Adverbs at a Short Notice

Definition: Adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.            

Adverbs answer how, when, where, why, or to what extent—how often or how much.

 Words that express the time, place, manner, frequency, degree, negation, and    affirmation, causes, result and  condition of an  action.                       

ایسے الفاظ جو  verbs ، adjectives،adverbs کے معنی میں اضافہ کریں                                                                              

Kinds of adverbs:                                                                                                                                                                                                     

Adverbs of Time

 yesterday, ago, last, recently, lately, soon, tomorrow, next, shortly, presently, now, at the moment, at present, currently, today,  tonight, then

Adverbs of place

 in, on, down, up, far, near, away, off, here, there, out, here, there, near, off, between, back, front, downward, upward ,somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, homeward, etc.

Adverbs of Manner

Beautifully,loudly,carefully,cleverly,foolishly,clearly,doubtfully,madly,correctly,deeply,mainly,fast,hard,long,well

 Adverbs of Degree

Very, so, almost, rather, absolutely, pretty, too, quite  

Adverbs of Frequency    

Always, usually, normally, generally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, hardly ever, rarely, never, once, again, once a week, three time a day, a day after tomorrow, and a day before yesterday.

Adverbs of Negation

No, not, never, by no means, on no account, in no way, not at all

Adverbs of Affirmation

Yes, surely, certainly, perhaps, undoubtedly, off course, unquestionably, definitely

Adverbs of Cause

Because, since, as,

Adverb of effect

Consequently, resultantly, thus, hence, accordingly, therefore, as a result

Interrogative Adverbs  

Where, when, why, how

 Relative Adverbs

Where, when why how

Adverbs of condition

 If, whether, provided that, so long as, unless

Adverbs of purpose

So that, in order that, In order to, lest,