important links for sentence structures
1
www.powayusd.com
2
https://moodle.hollandchristian.org/pluginfile.php/45478/mod_resource/content/0/SP_M/Sentence_Patterns_1-20.pdf
3
24 SENTENCE PATTERNS
1. Use specific nouns and verbs in a noun-verb
sentence
Fire belched from the dragon’s mouth.
2. Use specific nouns and verbs in a
noun-verb-noun sentence
The car crusher devoured the wrecked cars.
3. Interrogative—ask a question
What steps do good writers follow to produce a good
work?
4. Open with an adverb
Noisily, the mosquitoes buzzed around our heads.
5. Open with a prepositional phrase.
During the day the robber hid in a dingy basement
apartment.
6. Use an appositive
Claude Monet, a French Impressionist, painted many
outdoor scenes.
7. Open with an adverb clause
Because Renoir painted many oils of clowns, people
often recognize his work.
8. Close with an adverb clause
Hulk Hogan will run for President of the United
States after he retires from wrestling.
9. Use Parallel structure in words
Mom bought chips, soda, and pickles for the picnic.
10. Use parallel structure in phrases and clauses
Fabio drew her to him, whispered in her ear, and
asked for change for the soda machine.
11. Open with an adjective
Angry, the child threw the toy across the room.
12. Open with an adjective phrase
Afloat with confidence, the homecoming queen tripped
on the steps.
13. Open with a present infinitive
To prevent a mess, the chef covered the counter with
wax paper.
14. Open with a present participle
Gazing at the ballerinas, Degas planned his next
painting.
15. Open with a past participle
Known as a landscape painter, Monet gave a shimmering
quality to his artwork.
16. Open with a perfect participle
Having kissed her father’s forehead, the teenager
snatched the car keys and headed outside.
17. Use a restrictive adjective clause
This morning the technician tossed the computer that
never worked into the dumpster.
18. Use a non-restrictive adjective clause
Our art class studied the paintings of Seaurat, who
developed a technique called pointillism.
19. Compound sentence with a coordinating
conjunction
The right tackle must stop the quarter back, or we
will lose this game.
20. Compound Sentence with a semi-colon
Zeus blasted a lightning bolt from the sky; Io had
made him angry.
21. Compound sentence with a conjunctive adverb
Van Gogh suffered from severe mental problems;
nevertheless, his still-lifes and landscapes hang in the world’s greatest
museums.
22. Compound sentence with an elliptical
expression
Darby played a musical number by Bach; Joan, one by
Mozart.
23. Use a parenthetical expression between subject
and verb
Gaugin, inspired by the island of Tahiti, used bold
colors while painting.
24. Open with a parallel structure followed by a
closing statement
Chocolate, good books, and motorcycles—all of these
bring a smile to our teacher’s face.
All Students Will:
Participate while the class analyzes the sentence
pattern
Work with a peer group to write 5 sentences that
follow the pattern
Individually write 20 sentences that follow the
pattern
Grading
All sentences must be perfect: no errors in
spelling, punctuation, or style.
No weak verbs are allowed.
Nouns must always be specific: no pronouns.
=================================
* An adverb clause is a dependent clause (DC) that tells how, when, where, or why the action (verb) takes place.
* All clauses have a subject and a verb, even DCs.
* An adverb clause begins with SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION such as before, after, because, so, when, while or a (see Language Network p. 192). Some adverbs are also subordinating conjunctions. (Coordinating conjunctions- and, or, but- join two IC's. Subordinating conjunctions join a DC to an IC.) See Conjunctions for more information.
* Comma Rules:
1. If the DC (adverb clause) precedes the IC, use a comma. (DC, IC.)
2. If the IC precedes the DC (adverb clause), use NO comma. (IC + DC.)
Examples:
1. Because he was famished, Bob ate an entire extra-large pizza. (DC, IC.) COMMA REQUIRED
2. Bob ate an entire extra-large pizza because he was an insatiable glutton. (IC + DC.) NO COMMA
3. The teacher rescinded her offer to give us ten points after we got our parent's signature on the test. (IC + DC.) NO COMMA
SP 13: Using whom (vs. who or whose) in Interrogative Sentences
Write questions using whom to rename a noun which functions as an object in the answer.) Hint: To determine the parts of speech, write or think about the answer to the question. What is the subject? Verb? Direct object? (or object of a prepostion)? These words will play the same role in the question format.
Here are three ways to use speaker tags and quotation marks with dialogue:
1) The speaker tags come before the dialogue:
EX: Mary moaned, "That eerie haunted house gave me nightmares."
____ _____, "__________________________________."
2) The speaker tags come after the dialogue:
"That eerie haunted house gave me nightmares," moaned Mary.
" Did that eerie haunted house give you nightmares?" questioned Mary.
"____________________________?" _______ ______.
" That eerie haunted house gave me nightmares!" exclaimed Mary.
"__________________________________!" ______ ____.
3) The speaker tags come in the middle of the dialogue, in the middle of a sentence:
EX: "That eerie haunted house," moaned Mary, "gave me nightmares."
"___________________," ______ ____, "______________."
"___________________," wondered _____, "______________?"
"___________________," declared_____, "______________!"
4) "Sometimes my teacher can be a kibitzer," complained Fred. "She often tells us to go to bed early."
Homework:
Write 6 sentences using Week 15 Vocabulary words (+and one other vocabulary word from the past weeks). Use the four ways described above at least once each. Underline the subjects and verbs in both the dialogue and the speaker tags, e.g."That eerie haunted house gave me nightmares, " moaned Mary. Check for correct placement of quotation marks, commas, periods and capital letters. Make sure each sentence is 12 words or more, including the speaker tags.
SP 16: Using Colons in Sentences to List
Use a colon (:) in a sentence when listing objects, people, places, activities, etc.
NEVER use a colon AFTER a VERB or PREPOSITION!
Never place a colon between the subject and the verb.
Example: We need the following items for school: pens, paper, pencils, and scissors.
Wrong: For school we need: pens, paper, pencils, and scissors.
Why? When the list immediately follows a verb, no colon is needed.
Example: Robin Williams impersonates these people: Bill Clinton, George Bush, and Bill Gates.
Wrong: Robin Williams impersonates: Bill Clinton, George Bush, and Bill Gates.
Why? When the list immediately follows a verb, no colon is needed.
Example: Many people work in government positions: members of the judicial branch, heads of the president's cabinets, and representatives in Congress. (Use parallel structure. See SP-18)
Example: Proper etiquette includes the following: listen to others, raise your hand to speak, and wait to be called on.
Wrong: Proper etiquette includes: listening to others, raising your hand to speak, and waiting to be called on.
Why? When the list immediately follows a verb, no colon is needed.
SP 16 Using Colons to List (in Parallel Structure):
Here are some materials that are inflexible: a piece (of wood), a slab (of granite), and a block (of cement).
Many activities occur in a ghetto: basketball, bootlegging, and gambling.
These chores are very mundane: doing laundry, emptying the trash, vacuuming the carpet, and washing the dishes.
Sentence Pattern 17: Using Parallel Structure
Copy and paste this lesson into your Lang. Arts spiral (grammar section) and do the "Homework" exercises below.
Parallel Structure
For additional help using parallel structure, see Capital Community College Guide to Grammar and Writing http://webster.commnet.edu/grammar/parallelism.htm
Coordinated ideas must use the same verb tense or structure. (These examples are taken from PUSD's Writing Manuel.)
When
you include two or more similar thoughts in the same sentence, they should be
constructed in a similar way. Similar construction is called "parallel
structure." There are many
situations when parallel structure is used. Here's a few:
1. If one item in a series is listed as a prepositional phrase, the others should be in a prepositional phrase also.
GOOD example: After a game of soccer, Bob quaffs a gallon of Gatorade, a quart of Quencher, and a pint of prune juice.
NOT: ...Bob quaffs a gallon of Gatorade, a quart of Quencher, and some prune juice.
AM example: Bill was so famished that he could eat the hind leg of a cow, the tongue of a pig, and the brain of a monkey.
PM example: The hostile mercenary was as sneaky as James Bond, as delirious as a drunken hobo, and as merciless as the Grim Reaper.
2. If one clause of a sentence is in ACTIVE voice, the other clause should also be in ACTIVE voice (not PASSIVE), i.e. all clauses should be in the same voice, ACTIVE or PASSIVE.
GOOD example: Bob participated in three events and won awards in all three.
NOT: Bob participated in three events and was awarded a prize in all three.
AM example: An alien immigrated to America and applied for citizenship. WRONG: An alien immigrated (active voice) to America and was given citizenship (passive voice).
PM example: The fickle teacher impetuously offered to give her PM students a hundred dollars each if they washed her car, but she rescinded the offer when the principal offered to buy her a new Mercedes Benz. (IC + DC, but IC + DC.)
3. If listing a series of actions (verbs) in a sentence, use the same verb tense.
Example: Whenever he feels melancholy, Bob runs on the beach, plays tennis, sees an upbeat movie, or calls a friend. (All verbs are in present tense.)
NOT: ..., Bob runs on the beach, plays tennis, saw an upbeat movie, or calls a friend. (Saw is in past tense.)
4. There are lots of other situations in writing that require parallel structure. It's hard to classify all of them. Here's a few other examples of parallel structure.
Right: Fearing failure, Bob began trembling, sweating, and vomiting.
Wrong: ..., Bob began trembling, sweating, and he vomited.
Right: Because Bob became an investigative reporter, he asked where the accident occurred, when it occurred, and why it occurred.
Wrong: ...., he asked where the accident occurred, when it occurred, and the reason it occurred.
SP 17 Homework: Underline the correct ending for each sentence below.
1. The movie Catch Me If You Can featured a character who was daring, racy, and...
(a) ...intelligent. (b) ...used his intelligence.
2. Leonardo DiCaprio portrayed a charlatan who impersonated others, accepted jobs he was not qualified to do, and... (a) ...put others in perilous situations. (b)...others were put in perilous situations.
3. Before the 10-mile run began, Fritz ate a protein bar and... (a)...quaffed a jug of Gatorade. (b)...will quaff a jug of Gatorade.
4. "Don't mock me and ... (a) ...don't mock others," warned the principal. (b)...it's not nice to mock others," warned the principal.
5. Finding herself in a perilous predicament, Porsha decided she should retrace her steps, find a map,and..
(a)...take a safer route. (b)...a safer route was found.
SP 18: Writing Similes & Metaphors
Write a sentence for each vocabulary word which uses a simile or metaphor. Each sentence must have 12+ words. Edit all spelling, punctuation, capitalization. Use vocabulary words meaningfully. Highlight or box vocab. word.
Examples:
Simile: My teacher gives as much advice as a kibitzer because she tells us every day to work hard and prioritize academics.
Metaphor: My teacher is a kibitzer who tells us every day to work hard and prioritize academics.
Simile: The clouds were like white snow balls, dancing across the sky..
Metaphor: The clouds were white snow balls, dancing across the sky.
SP-19: Using Possessive Nouns (from
PUSD’s Writing With Style Manual)
Sentence Pattern 1-20 Review
===================================================================
=================================
SENTENCE PATTERNS
-
An independent clause (IC) is a complete sentence that can stand alone.
-
An independent clause is a complete thought.
-
An IC must have BOTH a subject (noun or pronoun) and a verb (action word).
Examples:
The grizzly devoured the salmon.
The bear plunked down.
The grizzly devoured the salmon.
The bear plunked down.
-
An IC can also contain adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional phrases.
Examples:
The weak, hungry grizzly greedily devoured the salmon.
The weary bear lazily plunked down for a nap.
The weak, hungry grizzly greedily devoured the salmon.
The weary bear lazily plunked down for a nap.
SENTENCE
PATTERN 2:
Adjective + adjective, IC.
IC = subject + verb
-
This pattern begins with one or more adjectives, followed by IC (S+V).
-
An adjective describes a noun or pronoun.
Here are just a few examples of adjectives:
colorful blue
sparkling beautiful shiny
clear immaculate rocky courageous soft pink
bright cute dark
hungry rebellious
gigantic purple filthy fuzzy rough tiny prickly clean spotless radiant peculiar miniscule evil precarious dandy hyperactive gorgeous ecstatic gloomy mischievous caring huge demonic seamy professional ugly hideous strategic lazy frilly microscopic lacy spectacular amazing devious heinous awesome disgusting slimy freezing dexterous
gigantic purple filthy fuzzy rough tiny prickly clean spotless radiant peculiar miniscule evil precarious dandy hyperactive gorgeous ecstatic gloomy mischievous caring huge demonic seamy professional ugly hideous strategic lazy frilly microscopic lacy spectacular amazing devious heinous awesome disgusting slimy freezing dexterous
-
In SP-2, the adjectives must describe the subject of the sentence when they come before the IC.
-
Examples:
Lazy but clever, the student
contrived a colorful excuse for his missing homework.
NOT: The lazy, clever student contrived....
NOT: The lazy, clever student contrived....
Subversive and
seamy, the terrorists
attacked New York City on September 11, 2001.
NOT: The subversive, seamy terrorists attacked...
NOT: The subversive, seamy terrorists attacked...
Skillful and
dexterous, baseball
players generally catch pop flies and line drives.
NOT: The skillful and dexterous baseball players...
NOT: The skillful and dexterous baseball players...
-
This pattern begins with two adverbs, followed by a comma and then the IC.
-
An adverb modifies a verb. It tells how, when, where, or to what extent the action took place.
-
Adverbs Open this link for more information about adverbs.
-
List of adverbs Open this link for a list of adverbs.
Examples:
Hungrily
and greedily,
the grizzly devoured the salmon.
(How
did the grizzly devour?)
NOT: Hungry and greedy, the grizzly
devoured the salmon.
(Hungry and greedy are adjectives.)
(Hungry and greedy are adjectives.)
Suddenly
but quietly,
the
bear plunked down for a nap.
(When
and how did the bear plunk?)
NOT: Sudden and quiet, the bear
plunked...
Lucidly and placidly, the
gigantic football player
meditated into a deep trance
near the tranquil pond
and cleared his troubled mind.
Skillfully and subversively, the
adversary of Harry Potter,
Voldemort, eradicated
his enemies who plotted against him.
Lazily but gracefully, the lethargic sloth climbed back up the
massive pine tree. (AM class, 2012)
Cleverly but deviously, Jessie contrived an excuse for being late that would placate his mother.(PM class, 2012)
Cleverly but deviously, Jessie contrived an excuse for being late that would placate his mother.(PM class, 2012)
-
This pattern begins with a prepositional phrase, followed by an independent clause.
-
Prepositions begin a phrase that is followed by an object (noun or pronoun).
Examples:
under, before, after, for, to, from, in, out, beneath, at, despite
-
A prepositional phrase contains a preposition and the object of the preposition.
Examples:
under the bed, before school, in
the closet, after the storm
-
Prepositional phrases describe nouns or verbs.
Examples:
Under
the bed,
the cat hid from its owner. (Where
did the cat hide?)
After the storm, the sun came
out, forming a rainbow. (When …?)
With great care, the
veterinarian removed the thorn from the tiger's paw.
(How
did the veterinarian remove the thorn?)
-
If the prepositional phrase precedes the IC, it must describe the subject or verb of the IC (not some other noun or verb in the sentence).Advanced SP-4: Prepositional phrase, IC DC, ICOpen these links for more help:
-
This pattern begins with a present participial phrase, followed by the independent clause.
-
A present participial phrase begins with a present participle.
-
A present participle is a verb form that ends in -ing and functions as an adjective.
-
In SP-5, the Ppp describes the subject of the IC.
-
Examples: running, yelling, sleeping, daring, intending, jumping, walking, crying, staggering, strolling, sprinting, wailing, whimpering, bawling, striving, bowling, illuminating, dying, riding, risking
-
A present participial phrase has a present participle followed by an adverb(s) or prepositional phrase or some other words.
Examples:
-
Running down the hill, the dog chased the cat.
-
Yelling loudly, Bob clung to the broken branch dangling above the river.
-
Daring his friend to jump too, Bert leaped into the swollen river.
-
Striving to do his best, Johnny Tremain was adept at being a silversmith but became melancholy when his hand was crippled and he was no longer dexterous.
-
Sailing to Cuba, the affluent Spaniard sold slaves to plantation owners, though some were sent to the slave market in Havana. (AM Class 2012)
-
Running on the deck of the Moonlight, Ben Stout acted as a liaison between the captain and the crew. (PM Class 2012-13)
-
Monitoring the ship's inhabitants, ...
-
Fulfilling the captain's orders, ...
-
Shouting across the deck, ...
-
Walking on the deck in the moonlight, ...
-
Strolling on the deck while becalmed, ...
-
This sentence pattern is similar to sentence pattern 5, but the participle is in the past tense (-ed) instead of the present tense (-ing).
-
Past participles are verb forms in the past tense form that act like adjectives. Regular verbs end in -ed.
Examples:
exhausted, famished, stripped, bleached, crazed
-
These verbs function as adjectives. They describe the subject of the IC.
Examples:
Uninhabited a few days earlier,
the shore was now crowded with grizzlies.
WRONG: Crazed
with hunger, the shore was lined with
grizzlies.
RIGHT:
Crazed with hunger, the
grizzlies lined the shore.
Exhausted
from fishing all day,
the
bear plunked down for a nap.
Stripped
clean by hungry grizzlies,
salmon
bones
now littered the shore.
Crazed
with jealousy,
Bob raced recklessly to his girlfriend's house
when he
heard Bert was taking her to the dance.
Freed from ignorance and superstition, Enlightenment thinkers postulated that
natural laws governed society.
-
This pattern contains an appositive phrase, followed by the Independent Clause (IC).
-
An appositive is a noun or pronoun that renames another noun or pronoun that immediately precedes or follows it.
-
Examples:
The grizzly,
a predator, eats fish. appositive
AFTER the noun
A predator, the grizzly eats fish. appositive BEFORE the noun
Sam, my brother, is exasperating. appositive AFTER the noun
My brother, Sam, is exasperating. appositive AFTER the noun
Harry Potter, a literary character, is well known. appositive phrase AFTER... A literary character ,Harry Potter is well known. appositive phrase BEFORE..
A predator, the grizzly eats fish. appositive BEFORE the noun
Sam, my brother, is exasperating. appositive AFTER the noun
My brother, Sam, is exasperating. appositive AFTER the noun
Harry Potter, a literary character, is well known. appositive phrase AFTER... A literary character ,Harry Potter is well known. appositive phrase BEFORE..
-
An appositive can be used with any noun in the sentence, not just the subject of the sentence.
Example:
Cassie Logan, a nine-year-old African-American,
despised Lillian Jean, an uppity white girl.
-
An appositive phrase contains an appositive and at least one adjective or a prepositional phrase.
EXAMPLES:
The grizzly, a fearless predator, eats little meat other than fish.
Sam, my pesky little brother, is exasperating.
My pesky little brother, Sam, is exasperating.
A pesky little brother, Sam is exasperating.
George, one of Michael's friends, was not placid during the last test; he was so nervous and jittery that he failed.
The infamous Joker, an evil adversary of Batman and Robin, caused much mayhem in Gotham City.
The Nazis, brutal, evil people, were ruthless and chaotic, planning subversive attacks on their innocent adversaries, the Jews.
The grizzly, a fearless predator, eats little meat other than fish.
Sam, my pesky little brother, is exasperating.
My pesky little brother, Sam, is exasperating.
A pesky little brother, Sam is exasperating.
George, one of Michael's friends, was not placid during the last test; he was so nervous and jittery that he failed.
The infamous Joker, an evil adversary of Batman and Robin, caused much mayhem in Gotham City.
The Nazis, brutal, evil people, were ruthless and chaotic, planning subversive attacks on their innocent adversaries, the Jews.
-
COMMA RULES: Study the above examples. Notice when and where commas are used. Commas surround an appositive (phrase) when it comes after the subject or another noun in the sentence.
-
When the appositive (phrase) precedes the IC, it is followed by a comma.
A
fearless predator,
the grizzly eats little meat other than fish.
A pesky little brother, Sam is exasperating.
A well-known author, Shel Silverstein writes children’s poetry.
A well-known character, Harry Potter is an adventurous young man.
A pesky little brother, Sam is exasperating.
A well-known author, Shel Silverstein writes children’s poetry.
A well-known character, Harry Potter is an adventurous young man.
AM Class Example:
John Hancock, an
arrogant delegate at the
Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, treated people like they
were his lackeys.
HOMEWORK: due Wed. (1st draft) and Friday
(revised copy)
* 10 sentences using SP-7 and vocab. 51-60
* Must relate to SS Ch 3 (and We the People Units 3 and 4)
* 10 sentences using SP-7 and vocab. 51-60
* Must relate to SS Ch 3 (and We the People Units 3 and 4)
-
In this pattern, there are two independent clauses.
-
Each independent clause has BOTH a subject and a verb and could stand alone because they are each complete sentences.
-
Comma Rule: Use a comma with a coordinating conjunction (and, or, but) to join the IC’s or use a semi-colon only.
Examples:
The insatiable grizzly devoured the salmon,
and its belly was soon bulging.
The insatiable grizzly devoured the salmon; its belly was soon bulging.
The insatiable grizzly devoured the salmon; its belly was soon bulging.
Flamboyant Bob went to the movies, but bashful
Bert
rented a video.
Flamboyant Bob went to the movies; bashful Bert rented a video.
Flamboyant Bob went to the movies; bashful Bert rented a video.
John was asked to deliver an impromptu speech, and his mind raced with
fear.
John was asked to deliver an impromptu speech; his mind raced with fear.
John was asked to deliver an impromptu speech; his mind raced with fear.
After his tummy tuck, Peter Griffin
looked very
emaciated, but his family
preferred him chubby rather than
gaunt.
Ms. Real allowed her students to chew bubble gum in class, and the principal fired her for being too permissive.
Ms. Real allowed her students to chew bubble gum in class, and the principal fired her for being too permissive.
Some
ICs have compound subjects or compound verbs but they are not compound sentences
(SP-8). These are NOT SP-8:
S + V + V. (no comma needed) The foolish caveman killed the mammoth but spared the saber-tooth tiger's life!
S + S + V. (no comma needed) The cave-bear and saber-tooth tiger attacked the barbaric caveman simultaneously.
S + V + V. (no comma needed) The foolish caveman killed the mammoth but spared the saber-tooth tiger's life!
S + S + V. (no comma needed) The cave-bear and saber-tooth tiger attacked the barbaric caveman simultaneously.
Each IC has a S + V. THESE are SP-8:
IC, but IC. The foolish caveman killed the mammoth, but he spared the saber-tooth tiger's life!
IC; IC. The foolish caveman killed the wooly mammoth; the mammoth was not an adversary but a meal!
IC, but IC. The foolish caveman killed the mammoth, but he spared the saber-tooth tiger's life!
IC; IC. The foolish caveman killed the wooly mammoth; the mammoth was not an adversary but a meal!
HOMEWORK DIRECTIONS: Relate all five
sentences to any of the five plays or the short stories. Write at least
one sentence for each of the following: IC, and IC. IC, but IC.
IC, or IC. IC; IC.
SP 9 =SP-3 + SP-8!
SP 9 = IC, conjunction adverb, IC.
IC = Independent Clause = a complete sentence with a subject (S) and a verb (V)
Adverb = a word that tells how, when, or where the action (verb) occurs
SP 9 = IC, conjunction adverb, IC.
IC = Independent Clause = a complete sentence with a subject (S) and a verb (V)
Adverb = a word that tells how, when, or where the action (verb) occurs
Comma
Rules:
* Use a comma and a conjunction (and, or, but, so) to join two Independent Clauses (IC's).
* When an adverb precedes an IC, use a comma. EX: Angrily, Bob protested.
Example: Pluto stepped in a puddle, and slowly, murky water permeated his shoes.
Example: Suddenly, a calamity struck the mid-western town, but everyone survived the tornado unharmed.
** You can also reverse this pattern, like this: Adverb, IC, conjunction IC.
Example: Yesterday, a tornado struck the mid-western town, and the calamity took many lives.
Example: Unknowingly, Bojangles walked into a ghetto, and suddenly, he was immersed in a world of gangs and graffiti.
* Use a comma and a conjunction (and, or, but, so) to join two Independent Clauses (IC's).
* When an adverb precedes an IC, use a comma. EX: Angrily, Bob protested.
Example: Pluto stepped in a puddle, and slowly, murky water permeated his shoes.
Example: Suddenly, a calamity struck the mid-western town, but everyone survived the tornado unharmed.
** You can also reverse this pattern, like this: Adverb, IC, conjunction IC.
Example: Yesterday, a tornado struck the mid-western town, and the calamity took many lives.
Example: Unknowingly, Bojangles walked into a ghetto, and suddenly, he was immersed in a world of gangs and graffiti.
* This week, use five unit 9 spelling
words
to write your sentences using SP-9.
1st draft due Wed. Final copy due Friday (edited, revised, typed or recopied in INK).
1st draft due Wed. Final copy due Friday (edited, revised, typed or recopied in INK).
SP
10 is a combination of SP 2, 3, and 8!
SP 10 = Adj + adj, IC, conjunction adverb, IC.
SP 10 = Adj + adj, subject + verb, conjunction adverb, subject + verb.
Ex: Gaunt and weak, the model staggered down the runway, and suddenly, she collapsed.
Ex: Careful and concerned, Beatrice borrowed her friend's boat, but unfortunately, a renegade rowboat rammed into it during the raging storm.
EX: Lonely and depressed, the nomad traveled down a hill on his bike, and hopefully, he was trying to find a new home.
SP 10 = Adj + adj, IC, conjunction adverb, IC.
SP 10 = Adj + adj, subject + verb, conjunction adverb, subject + verb.
Ex: Gaunt and weak, the model staggered down the runway, and suddenly, she collapsed.
Ex: Careful and concerned, Beatrice borrowed her friend's boat, but unfortunately, a renegade rowboat rammed into it during the raging storm.
EX: Lonely and depressed, the nomad traveled down a hill on his bike, and hopefully, he was trying to find a new home.
SP
11 = IC +
adj DC
(adjective Dependent Clause)
adj DC = a dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun as the subject
This clause functions as an adjective because it describes a noun.
Relative Pronoun = a pronoun that relates to a noun in the IC (any noun): that, which, who, whose, whom
Comma Rules:
1. If the adj DC is extra information, use commas
2. If the adj DC is essential information, use NO commas
3. If the relative pronoun used is "that," use NO commas.
Ex: Joe ate a deplorable pizza that was moldy, and it made him sick.
4. If the relative pronoun used is "which," use commas. (IC DAC, and IC.)
Ex: Joe ate a deplorable pizza, which was moldy, and then drank a gallon of Gatorade. (IC, adj DC, IC continued.
5. For who, whose, or whom give it the extra or essential test.
adj DC = a dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun as the subject
This clause functions as an adjective because it describes a noun.
Relative Pronoun = a pronoun that relates to a noun in the IC (any noun): that, which, who, whose, whom
Comma Rules:
1. If the adj DC is extra information, use commas
2. If the adj DC is essential information, use NO commas
3. If the relative pronoun used is "that," use NO commas.
Ex: Joe ate a deplorable pizza that was moldy, and it made him sick.
4. If the relative pronoun used is "which," use commas. (IC DAC, and IC.)
Ex: Joe ate a deplorable pizza, which was moldy, and then drank a gallon of Gatorade. (IC, adj DC, IC continued.
5. For who, whose, or whom give it the extra or essential test.
Ex:
Stout,
who was a cruel, sadistic man,
threw a slave overboard.(extra
info)
Ex: Cawthorne was another cruel man who was the captain of the Moonlight.(essential info)
Ex: Jane read a book that was 500 pages long in just three days! (essential info)
Ex: Jane read a book, which was 500 pages long, and then wrote a book report. (extra info)
Ex: Cawthorne was another cruel man who was the captain of the Moonlight.(essential info)
Ex: Jane read a book that was 500 pages long in just three days! (essential info)
Ex: Jane read a book, which was 500 pages long, and then wrote a book report. (extra info)
*
When you write these sentences for homework, underline the subjects and verbs in
both the IC and the
adj DC. Remember, the relative pronoun is the subject of
the
adj DC.
HOMEWORK:
Five sentences due 11/21/13 (1st draft)
Final, TYPED revised copy due 11/22/13.
Use vocab words 56-60; sentences must relate to Poe, his works, or SS.
Underline ALL subjects & verbs in ICs and adj DC.
Highlight the adj DC in yellow.
Highlight the vocab word in another color.
Use each rule (and relative pronoun) at least once: that, which, who.
SP 12: Adverb Clauses (DC,
IC. -or- IC + DC.)Five sentences due 11/21/13 (1st draft)
Final, TYPED revised copy due 11/22/13.
Use vocab words 56-60; sentences must relate to Poe, his works, or SS.
Underline ALL subjects & verbs in ICs and adj DC.
Highlight the adj DC in yellow.
Highlight the vocab word in another color.
Use each rule (and relative pronoun) at least once: that, which, who.
* An adverb clause is a dependent clause (DC) that tells how, when, where, or why the action (verb) takes place.
* All clauses have a subject and a verb, even DCs.
* An adverb clause begins with SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION such as before, after, because, so, when, while or a (see Language Network p. 192). Some adverbs are also subordinating conjunctions. (Coordinating conjunctions- and, or, but- join two IC's. Subordinating conjunctions join a DC to an IC.) See Conjunctions for more information.
* Comma Rules:
1. If the DC (adverb clause) precedes the IC, use a comma. (DC, IC.)
2. If the IC precedes the DC (adverb clause), use NO comma. (IC + DC.)
Examples:
1. Because he was famished, Bob ate an entire extra-large pizza. (DC, IC.) COMMA REQUIRED
2. Bob ate an entire extra-large pizza because he was an insatiable glutton. (IC + DC.) NO COMMA
3. The teacher rescinded her offer to give us ten points after we got our parent's signature on the test. (IC + DC.) NO COMMA
SP 13: Using whom (vs. who or whose) in Interrogative Sentences
Write questions using whom to rename a noun which functions as an object in the answer.) Hint: To determine the parts of speech, write or think about the answer to the question. What is the subject? Verb? Direct object? (or object of a prepostion)? These words will play the same role in the question format.
Whom
is always used as a direct object or
the object of a preposition when renaming a person or group of people.
(Otherwise, use what.)
1. Direct object: Use whom to rename the direct object in a question.
Whom did you call?
(Answer: I called Joe. Joe is a direct object.)
Whom did you pay for the dance tickets?
(Answer: I paid Dave for the dance tickets. Dave is a direct object.)
2. Object of preposition: Use whom to rename the object of a prepostion.
To whom did you speak? (NOT: Whom did you speak to?)
(Answer: I spoke to Joe. Joe is the object of a preposition.)
You gave my number to whom ?
(Answer: I gave your number to Joe.)
1. Direct object: Use whom to rename the direct object in a question.
Whom did you call?
(Answer: I called Joe. Joe is a direct object.)
Whom did you pay for the dance tickets?
(Answer: I paid Dave for the dance tickets. Dave is a direct object.)
2. Object of preposition: Use whom to rename the object of a prepostion.
To whom did you speak? (NOT: Whom did you speak to?)
(Answer: I spoke to Joe. Joe is the object of a preposition.)
You gave my number to whom ?
(Answer: I gave your number to Joe.)
Example:
Q: Whom are Joe and his friends, a group of fourteen-year-old athletes, savvy about?
Q: Joe and his friends, a group of fourteen-year-old athletes, are very savvy about whom?
A: Joe and his friends, a group of fourteen year-old athletes, are very savvy about soccer players.
Q: Whom are Joe and his friends, a group of fourteen-year-old athletes, savvy about?
Q: Joe and his friends, a group of fourteen-year-old athletes, are very savvy about whom?
A: Joe and his friends, a group of fourteen year-old athletes, are very savvy about soccer players.
*
Who is always used as a subject or a predicate pronoun (a
pronoun that follows the verb). We used who (and that or which)
is SP 11.
Subject of IC: Who called the power company?
Subject of DC: The person who hit my car should have to pay to fix the damages.
Predicate Pronoun: The electrician is who?
Subject of IC: Who called the power company?
Subject of DC: The person who hit my car should have to pay to fix the damages.
Predicate Pronoun: The electrician is who?
Go
to this Website to find out more about the use of who, whose, and whom:
http://webster.commnet.edu/grammar/pronouns.htm
Find and read Basic Principle # 5. For more help, take one or more of the quizzes at the bottom of this Website and check your answers. Use the HINTS provided to learn the rules.
http://webster.commnet.edu/grammar/pronouns.htm
Find and read Basic Principle # 5. For more help, take one or more of the quizzes at the bottom of this Website and check your answers. Use the HINTS provided to learn the rules.
Write 2-3 interrogative sentences
(questions) using whose correctly and 2-3 using who’s correctly.
Use one vocabulary word from Week 13 in each sentence.
whose = a possessive pronoun
showing ownership (Whose book is this? This
book is mine.)
who’s = who is (Who’s going to the dance? Everyone is going to the dance.) Who = the subject; is = the verb
who’s = who is (Who’s going to the dance? Everyone is going to the dance.) Who = the subject; is = the verb
(The only problem most writers have
with whose is confusing it with who's, which looks like a
possessive but is really the contraction for who is. In the same way that
we should not confuse his with he's (he is) or hers with she's
(she is) or its with it's (it is), we should not confuse whose with who's.)
For example:
Who's that walking down the street?
Whose coat is this? (This is whose coat?)
I don't care whose paper this is. It's brilliant!
Whose
can
be used to refer to inanimate objects as well as to people (although there is a
kind of folk belief that it should refer only to humans and other mammals):
"I remember reading a book — whose title I can't recall right now
— about a boy and a basenji."
SP 15: Writing
Dialogue For example:
Who's that walking down the street?
Whose coat is this? (This is whose coat?)
I don't care whose paper this is. It's brilliant!
Here are three ways to use speaker tags and quotation marks with dialogue:
1) The speaker tags come before the dialogue:
EX: Mary moaned, "That eerie haunted house gave me nightmares."
____ _____, "__________________________________."
2) The speaker tags come after the dialogue:
"That eerie haunted house gave me nightmares," moaned Mary.
" Did that eerie haunted house give you nightmares?" questioned Mary.
"____________________________?" _______ ______.
" That eerie haunted house gave me nightmares!" exclaimed Mary.
"__________________________________!" ______ ____.
3) The speaker tags come in the middle of the dialogue, in the middle of a sentence:
EX: "That eerie haunted house," moaned Mary, "gave me nightmares."
"___________________," ______ ____, "______________."
"___________________," wondered _____, "______________?"
"___________________," declared_____, "______________!"
4) "Sometimes my teacher can be a kibitzer," complained Fred. "She often tells us to go to bed early."
Homework:
Write 6 sentences using Week 15 Vocabulary words (+and one other vocabulary word from the past weeks). Use the four ways described above at least once each. Underline the subjects and verbs in both the dialogue and the speaker tags, e.g."That eerie haunted house gave me nightmares, " moaned Mary. Check for correct placement of quotation marks, commas, periods and capital letters. Make sure each sentence is 12 words or more, including the speaker tags.
SP 16: Using Colons in Sentences to List
Use a colon (:) in a sentence when listing objects, people, places, activities, etc.
NEVER use a colon AFTER a VERB or PREPOSITION!
Never place a colon between the subject and the verb.
Example: We need the following items for school: pens, paper, pencils, and scissors.
Wrong: For school we need: pens, paper, pencils, and scissors.
Why? When the list immediately follows a verb, no colon is needed.
Example: Robin Williams impersonates these people: Bill Clinton, George Bush, and Bill Gates.
Wrong: Robin Williams impersonates: Bill Clinton, George Bush, and Bill Gates.
Why? When the list immediately follows a verb, no colon is needed.
Example: Many people work in government positions: members of the judicial branch, heads of the president's cabinets, and representatives in Congress. (Use parallel structure. See SP-18)
Example: Proper etiquette includes the following: listen to others, raise your hand to speak, and wait to be called on.
Wrong: Proper etiquette includes: listening to others, raising your hand to speak, and waiting to be called on.
Why? When the list immediately follows a verb, no colon is needed.
SP 16 Using Colons to List (in Parallel Structure):
Here are some materials that are inflexible: a piece (of wood), a slab (of granite), and a block (of cement).
Many activities occur in a ghetto: basketball, bootlegging, and gambling.
These chores are very mundane: doing laundry, emptying the trash, vacuuming the carpet, and washing the dishes.
Sentence Pattern 17: Using Parallel Structure
Copy and paste this lesson into your Lang. Arts spiral (grammar section) and do the "Homework" exercises below.
Parallel Structure
For additional help using parallel structure, see Capital Community College Guide to Grammar and Writing http://webster.commnet.edu/grammar/parallelism.htm
Coordinated ideas must use the same verb tense or structure. (These examples are taken from PUSD's Writing Manuel.)
| Wrong: | We learned how to change a tire, shift sixteen gears, and once almost ran the truck off the road. |
| Correct: | We learned how to change a tire, shift sixteen gears, and keep the truck from running off the road. |
| (All the infinitives and direct objects are parallel.) | |
| Wrong: | I have mowed the lawn, washed the dog, rescued our hamster, and gone to the store all in one day. |
| Correct: | I mowed the lawn, washed the dog, rescued our hamster, and went to the store all in one day. |
| (All the verbs are parallel) | |
| Wrong: | Water skiing no longer interests me as much as going scuba diving. |
| Correct: | Water skiing no longer interests me as much as scuba diving. |
1. If one item in a series is listed as a prepositional phrase, the others should be in a prepositional phrase also.
GOOD example: After a game of soccer, Bob quaffs a gallon of Gatorade, a quart of Quencher, and a pint of prune juice.
NOT: ...Bob quaffs a gallon of Gatorade, a quart of Quencher, and some prune juice.
AM example: Bill was so famished that he could eat the hind leg of a cow, the tongue of a pig, and the brain of a monkey.
PM example: The hostile mercenary was as sneaky as James Bond, as delirious as a drunken hobo, and as merciless as the Grim Reaper.
2. If one clause of a sentence is in ACTIVE voice, the other clause should also be in ACTIVE voice (not PASSIVE), i.e. all clauses should be in the same voice, ACTIVE or PASSIVE.
GOOD example: Bob participated in three events and won awards in all three.
NOT: Bob participated in three events and was awarded a prize in all three.
AM example: An alien immigrated to America and applied for citizenship. WRONG: An alien immigrated (active voice) to America and was given citizenship (passive voice).
PM example: The fickle teacher impetuously offered to give her PM students a hundred dollars each if they washed her car, but she rescinded the offer when the principal offered to buy her a new Mercedes Benz. (IC + DC, but IC + DC.)
3. If listing a series of actions (verbs) in a sentence, use the same verb tense.
Example: Whenever he feels melancholy, Bob runs on the beach, plays tennis, sees an upbeat movie, or calls a friend. (All verbs are in present tense.)
NOT: ..., Bob runs on the beach, plays tennis, saw an upbeat movie, or calls a friend. (Saw is in past tense.)
4. There are lots of other situations in writing that require parallel structure. It's hard to classify all of them. Here's a few other examples of parallel structure.
Right: Fearing failure, Bob began trembling, sweating, and vomiting.
Wrong: ..., Bob began trembling, sweating, and he vomited.
Right: Because Bob became an investigative reporter, he asked where the accident occurred, when it occurred, and why it occurred.
Wrong: ...., he asked where the accident occurred, when it occurred, and the reason it occurred.
SP 17 Homework: Underline the correct ending for each sentence below.
1. The movie Catch Me If You Can featured a character who was daring, racy, and...
(a) ...intelligent. (b) ...used his intelligence.
2. Leonardo DiCaprio portrayed a charlatan who impersonated others, accepted jobs he was not qualified to do, and... (a) ...put others in perilous situations. (b)...others were put in perilous situations.
3. Before the 10-mile run began, Fritz ate a protein bar and... (a)...quaffed a jug of Gatorade. (b)...will quaff a jug of Gatorade.
4. "Don't mock me and ... (a) ...don't mock others," warned the principal. (b)...it's not nice to mock others," warned the principal.
5. Finding herself in a perilous predicament, Porsha decided she should retrace her steps, find a map,and..
(a)...take a safer route. (b)...a safer route was found.
SP 18: Writing Similes & Metaphors
Write a sentence for each vocabulary word which uses a simile or metaphor. Each sentence must have 12+ words. Edit all spelling, punctuation, capitalization. Use vocabulary words meaningfully. Highlight or box vocab. word.
Examples:
Simile: My teacher gives as much advice as a kibitzer because she tells us every day to work hard and prioritize academics.
Metaphor: My teacher is a kibitzer who tells us every day to work hard and prioritize academics.
Simile: The clouds were like white snow balls, dancing across the sky..
Metaphor: The clouds were white snow balls, dancing across the sky.
SP-19: Using Possessive Nouns (from
PUSD’s Writing With Style Manual)
Write one sentence for each of the six rules
shown below. Each sentence must use one of this week's vocabulary words.
| 1. Add an apostrophe and an s to form the possessive of singular nouns, even if the noun ends in s: | |||||
Bob Dylan’s voice
|
the kiss’s meaning
|
Dickens’s novels
|
|||
| 2. Add only an apostrophe to form the possessive of plural nouns ending in s. If the plural does not end in s, add ‘s to form the possessive: | |||||
the Joneses’ father
|
the Padres’ last game
|
children’s
library
|
|||
3.
For the
possessive form of a compound noun or an indefinite
pronoun, place an apostrophe and an s after the last
word:
|
|||||
mother-in-law’s apartment
|
Secretary of State’s telephone
|
||||
everybody’s
|
someone else’s
|
anyone’s
|
|||
| 4. Possessive personal pronouns (his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs and the relative pronoun whose) do not require an apostrophe. | |||||
| Remember that the word immediately before the apostrophe is the owner: | |||||
parent’s car = one parent owns
|
boss’ office = one boss owns
|
||||
parents’ car = two parents
own
|
bosses’ office = many bosses own
|
||||
| 5. When ownership is shared, the apostrophe is also shared; use the possessive form only on the last item in a series to indicate shared ownership: | |||||
|
|||||
| 6. When ownership is individual, each noun in a series gets its own individual apostrophe and s: | |||||
|
|||||
Write five sentences that use possessive
nouns (SP-19) AND parallel
structure (SP-18). Review each of these sentence patterns above and
study the examples below.
EXAMPLES:
1. John Steinbeck's novel,The Pearl, contains many examples of imagery and illustrates multiple themes.
2. My three friends' favorite sports are snowboarding at Big Bear, snorkeling in La Jolla, and playing basketball at the YMCA.
1. John Steinbeck's novel,The Pearl, contains many examples of imagery and illustrates multiple themes.
2. My three friends' favorite sports are snowboarding at Big Bear, snorkeling in La Jolla, and playing basketball at the YMCA.
3. The Secretary
of Defense's responsibilities are to serve
as a liaison between the military and the president and advise
the president on military preparedness.
Sentence Pattern 1-20 Review
===================================================================
From
The Art of Styling Sentences
, 4
th
Edition by Ann Longknife and K.D. Sullivan
Sentence Patterns 1
-
20
Pattern 1
:
Compound Sentence: Semicolon, No Conjunction (two short, related sentences now joined)
S V
;
S V
.
o
Example:
“
My forefathers didn’t come over on the Ma
yflower; they met the boat.
”
—
Will Rogers
Pattern 1a
:
S V
; conjunctive adverb (however/hence/therefore/thus/then/moreover/
nevertheless/likewise/consequently/accordingly),
S V
.
o
Example:
This car looks as if it has been wrecke
d; therefore, it’s not a good buy.
Pattern 1b
:
S V
;
S V
, coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)
S V
.
o
Example:
It was the right color; it fit, and it was cheap.
Pattern 1c
:
S V
;
S V
;
S V
.
o
Example:
John got an A; Jennie also got an A; unfortunately George got a C.
Pattern 2: Compound Sentence With Elliptical Construction (comma indicates the omitted verb)
S V DO or SC (subject complement)
;
S , DO or SC
.
o
Example:
Bill played a musical number by Bach; Joan, one by Beethoven.
Pattern 3: Compound Sentence With Explanatory Statement (clauses separated by a colon)
General statement (idea)
:
specific statement (e
xample)
.
(an independent clause) (an independent clause)
o
Example:
Remember Yogi Berra’s advice: It ain’t over till it’s over.
Pattern 4: A Series Without a Conjunction (a series in any place in the sentence)
A, B, C
.
o
Example:
Their friendship has endured, in spite of arguments, boyfriends, distance.
Pattern 4a: A Series With a Variation
A or B or C
. (in any place in the sentence)
A and B and C
. (in any place in the sentence)
o
Example:
Even though he is smart, I have never seen Keith arrogant or annoyed or impatient.
Pattern 5: A Series of Balanced Pairs (note the rhythm)
A and B , C and D , E and F
.
(may
be in any slot in the sentence)
o
Example:
Antony and Cleopatra, Romeo and Juliet, Tristan and Isolde, Lancelot and Guinevere were
all famous lovers in literature.
Pattern 6: An Introductory Series of Appositives (with a dash and a summarizing subject)
Appositive, appositive, appositive
—
summary word S V
.
(Summarizing word =
such, all, those, this, many, each, which, what, these, something, someone
.)
o
Example:
Mickey Mouse, Magic, Mountain, the Light Parade
—
these mean Disneyland to children
.
Pattern 7: An Internal Series of Appositives or Modifiers (enclosed by a pair of dashes or parentheses)
—
—
or
appositive, appositive, appositive
or
S
( modifier, modifier, modifier )
V
.
o
Example:
On our trip to Italy, the major sights
—
the Vatican in Rome, the Duomo in Florence, the
tower in Pisa
—
didn’t impress us as much as the food an
d the kindness of the people.
Pattern 7a: A Variation: A Single Appositive or a Pair
—
—
or
or
S
( appositive )
V
.
or or
,
,
(Use two dashes or parentheses or commas to enclose this appositive.)
o
Example:
My grandfather’s motto
—
take that extra step
—
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